Modalitas dan Etika Berita Video 360 Pada YouTube CNN Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38194/jurkom.v6i1.693Keywords:
Analisis Konten, Jurnalisme Imersif, Kekayaan Media, Video 360Abstract
The implementation of immersive journalism as part of digital journalism is now starting to penetrate YouTube. CNN Indonesia is a media company that uses 360 degree video technology to present news. The use of virtual reality technology raises ethical questions that require consideration by news producers to maintain journalistic standards. This study aims to understand the modality and ethics of immersive journalism implemented in CNN Indonesia's 360 degree video content on YouTube through quantitative content analysis. The concept of modality, ethics of immersive journalism, and the theory of media richness are used as analytical tools to understand modality and immersion presented in CNN Indonesia's 360 video. The results of the study show that CNN Indonesia's 360-degree video content follows the ethics of sensitive content, on the other hand, the modalities used are still limited.
References
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de Bruin, K., de Haan, Y., Kruikemeier, S., Lecheler, S., & Goutier, N. (2020). A First-Person Promise? A Content-Analysis of Immersive Journalistic Productions. Ournalism.
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de la Peña, N., Weil, P., Llobera, J., Giannopoulos, E., Pomés, A., Spanlang, B., Friedman, D., Sanchez-Vives, M. v., & Slater, M. (2010). Immersive journalism: Immersive virtual reality for the first-person experience of news. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 19(4), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1162/PRES_a_00005
Deuze, M., & McQuail, D. (2020). McQuail’s Media and Mass Communication Theory. Sage Publication.
Duffy, A., & Ang, P. H. (2019). Digital Journalism: Defined, Refined, or Re-defined. Digital Journalism, 7(3), 378–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1568899
Dunham, R. (2020). Multimedia Reporting: How Digital Tools Can Improve Journalism Storytelling.
Dwiantika, N. (2014, Februari 28). CNN jalin kemitraan dengan Trans Media. Kontan.
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Higuera-Trujillo, J. L., López-Tarruella Maldonado, J., & Llinares Millán, C. (2017). Psychological and Physiological Human Responses to Simulated and Real Environments: A Comparison Between Photographs, 360° Panoramas, and Virtual Reality. Applied Ergonomics, 65, 398–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.05.006
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Jain, P., Zaher, Z., & Roy, E. (2017). Magazines and social media platforms: Strategies for enhancing user engagement and implications for publishers. Journal of Magazine Media, 17(2), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1353/jmm.2017.0018
Jenkins, J., & Nielsen, R. K. (2019). Proximity, Public Service, and Popularity: A Comparative Study of How Local Journalists View Quality News. Journalism Studies, 1–18.
Kandaurova, M., & Lee, S. H. (Mark). (2019). The effects of Virtual Reality (VR) on charitable giving: The role of empathy, guilt, responsibility, and social exclusion. Journal of Business Research, 100, 571–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.027
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Laws, A. L. S., & Utne, T. (2019). Ethics guidelines for immersive journalism. Frontiers Robotics AI, 6(APR). https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2019.00028
Lestari, C. I., & Irwansyah. (2021). Kolaborasi Produksi Konten YouTube melalui Multi-Channel Network: Studi pada Kreator Sandy SS dengan Collab Asia. Jurnal Riset Komunikasi, 4(1), 143–159.
Lester, P. M. (2018). Visual Ethics: A Guide for Photographers, Journalists, and Filmmakers. Taylor & Francis.
Liu, R., Peng, C., Zhang, Y., Husarek, H., & Yu, Q. (2021). A Survey of Immersive Technologies and Applications for Industrial Product Development. Computers and Graphics (Pergamon), 100, 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2021.07.023
Maity, M., Dass, M., & Kumar, P. (2018). The impact of media richness on consumer information search and choice. Journal of Business Research, 87, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.02.003
McQuail, D. (2011). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory. SAGE Publications.
Neuman, W. L. (William L. (2013). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pearson.
Oh, J., Sudarshan, S., Jin, E., Nah, S., & Yu, N. (2020). How 360-Degree Video Influences Content Perceptions and Environmental Behavior: The Moderating Effect of Environmental Self-Efficacy. Science Communication,.
Patrignani, N., & Whitehouse, D. (2015). Slow Tech: a Roadmap for a Good, Clean and Fair ICT. Journal of Information, 13(3/4), 268–282.
Patrignani, N., & Whitehouse, D. (2018). Slow Tech and ICT: A Responsible, Sustainable and Ethical Approach. Palgrave.
Pavlik, J. (2020). Journalism in the Age of Virtual Reality: How Experiential Media Are Transforming News. . Columbia University Press.
Peer, L., & Ksiazek, T. B. (2011). YouTube and The Challenge to Journalism: New Standards for News Videos Online. Journalism Studies, 12(1), 45–63.
Pérez-Seijo, S., & López-García, X. (2019). Five ethical challenges of immersive journalism: a proposal of good practices’ indicators. Dalam In International Conference on Information Technology & Systems (hlm. 954–964). Springer, Cham.
Popper, B. (2016, April 18). YouTube Introduces Live 360 Video, The Gateway Drug to Virtual Reality. The Verge.
Reese, S. D., & Shoemaker, P. J. (2016). A Media Sociology for the Networked Public Sphere: The Hierarchy of Influences Model. Mass Communication and Society, 19(4), 389–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2016.1174268
Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2014). Analyzing Media Message. Routledge.
Rodríguez, N. L. (2018). Immersive Journalism Design Within a Transmedia Space. Dalam Exploring Transmedia Journalism in the Digital Age (hlm. 67–82). IGI Global.
Suciati, T. N., & Fauziah, N. (2020). Layak Berita ke Layak Jual: Nilai Berita Jurnalisme Online Indonesia di Era Attention Economy. Jurnal Riset Komunikasi, 3(1), 51–69.
Tapsell, R. (2017). Media power in Indonesia: Oligarchs, citizens and the digital revolution . Rowman & Littlefield.
Uskali, T., Gynnild, A., Jones, S., & Sirkkunen, E. (2021). Immersive Journalism as Storytelling. Dalam Immersive Journalism as Storytelling. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429437748
van Damme, K., All, A., de Marez, L., & van Leuven, S. (2019). 360° Video Journalism: Experimental Study on the Effect of Immersion on News Experience and Distant Suffering. Journalism Studies, 20(14), 2053–2076. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1561208
Vazquez, D., Dennis, C., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Understanding the effect of smart retail brand – Consumer communications via mobile instant messaging (MIM) – An empirical study in the Chinese context. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.018
Ventura, S., Cardenas, G., Miragall, M., Riva, G., & Baños, R. (2021). How Does It Feel to Be a Woman Victim of Sexual Harassment? The Effect of 360°-Video-Based Virtual Reality on Empathy and Related Variables. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(4), 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0209
Vettehen, P. H., Wiltink, D., Huiskamp, M., Schaap, G., & Ketelaar, P. (2019). Taking The Full View: How Viewers Respond to 360-degree Video News. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 24–32.
Wang, Q. (2020). Differentiation and De-differentiation: The Evolving Power Dynamics Between News Industry and Tech Industry. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(2), 509–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020916809
Weber, R. (1990). Basic Content Analysis. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983488
Westlund, O., Krumsvik, A. H., & Lewis, S. C. (2021). Competition, Change, and Coordination and Collaboration: Tracing News Executives’ Perceptions About Participation in Media Innovation. Journalism Studies, 22(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1835526
Wu, H., Cai, T., Luo, D., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2021). Immersive virtual reality news: A study of user experience and media effects. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102576
Yesicha, C., Faruk, F., & Wahyono, S. B. (2022). Reality the Truth of Religious Practice in Documentary Covid-19. 377–387. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.01.02.32
Ambrosio, A. P., & Fidalgo, M. I. R. (2021). Proposal For A New Communicative Model in Immersive Journalism. Journalism, 22(10), 2600–2617. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919869710
Baía Reis, A., & Coelho, A. F. V. C. C. (2018). Virtual Reality and Journalism: A gateway to conceptualizing immersive journalism. Digital Journalism, 6(8), 1090–1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1502046
CNN Indonesia. (t.t.). YouTube.
Couldry, N. (2012). Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice. Polity.
Cummings, J. J., & Bailenson, J. N. (2018). How Immersive is Enough? A meta-analysis of The Effect of Immersive Technology on User Presence. Media Psychology, 19(2), 272–309.
Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organizational Information Requirements, Media Richness and Structural Design. Management Science, 32(5), 554–571. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.5.554
de Bruin, K., de Haan, Y., Kruikemeier, S., Lecheler, S., & Goutier, N. (2020). A First-Person Promise? A Content-Analysis of Immersive Journalistic Productions. Ournalism.
de Gracia M. J. B., Pe?rez-Seijo S., & Herrera-Damas, S. (2021). Ethics in 360-Degree Immersive Journalism. Dalam M. Luengo & S. Herrera-Damas (Ed.), News Media Innovation Reconsidered: Ethics and Values in a Creative Reconstruction of Journalism. John Wiley & Sons.
de la Peña, N., Weil, P., Llobera, J., Giannopoulos, E., Pomés, A., Spanlang, B., Friedman, D., Sanchez-Vives, M. v., & Slater, M. (2010). Immersive journalism: Immersive virtual reality for the first-person experience of news. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 19(4), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1162/PRES_a_00005
Deuze, M., & McQuail, D. (2020). McQuail’s Media and Mass Communication Theory. Sage Publication.
Duffy, A., & Ang, P. H. (2019). Digital Journalism: Defined, Refined, or Re-defined. Digital Journalism, 7(3), 378–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1568899
Dunham, R. (2020). Multimedia Reporting: How Digital Tools Can Improve Journalism Storytelling.
Dwiantika, N. (2014, Februari 28). CNN jalin kemitraan dengan Trans Media. Kontan.
GoogleTrends. (t.t.). Video 360’s Indonesia search trend on YouTube.
Higuera-Trujillo, J. L., López-Tarruella Maldonado, J., & Llinares Millán, C. (2017). Psychological and Physiological Human Responses to Simulated and Real Environments: A Comparison Between Photographs, 360° Panoramas, and Virtual Reality. Applied Ergonomics, 65, 398–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.05.006
Hughes, C. J., & Montagud, M. (2021). Accessibility in 360° video players. Multimed Tools Appl, 80.
Ishii, K., Lyons, M., & Carr, S. (2019). Revisiting Media Richness Theory for Today and Future. Hum Behav & Emerg Tech, 1, 124–131.
Jain, P., Zaher, Z., & Roy, E. (2017). Magazines and social media platforms: Strategies for enhancing user engagement and implications for publishers. Journal of Magazine Media, 17(2), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1353/jmm.2017.0018
Jenkins, J., & Nielsen, R. K. (2019). Proximity, Public Service, and Popularity: A Comparative Study of How Local Journalists View Quality News. Journalism Studies, 1–18.
Kandaurova, M., & Lee, S. H. (Mark). (2019). The effects of Virtual Reality (VR) on charitable giving: The role of empathy, guilt, responsibility, and social exclusion. Journal of Business Research, 100, 571–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.027
Kang, S., O’Brien, E., Villarreal, A., Lee, W., & Mahood, C. (2018). Immersive Journalism and Telepresence. Digital Journalism, 1–20.
Karimi, J., & Walter, Z. (2015). The role of dynamic capabilities in responding to digital disruption: A factor-based study of the newspaper industry. Journal of Management Information Systems, 32(1), 39–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2015.1029380
Krebs, I., Bachmann, P., Siegert, G., Schwab, R., & Willi, R. (2020). Non-journalistic competitors of news media brands on Google and YouTube: From Solid Competition to a Liquid Media Market. Journal of Media Business Studies, 1–18.
Laws, A. L. S., & Utne, T. (2019). Ethics guidelines for immersive journalism. Frontiers Robotics AI, 6(APR). https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2019.00028
Lestari, C. I., & Irwansyah. (2021). Kolaborasi Produksi Konten YouTube melalui Multi-Channel Network: Studi pada Kreator Sandy SS dengan Collab Asia. Jurnal Riset Komunikasi, 4(1), 143–159.
Lester, P. M. (2018). Visual Ethics: A Guide for Photographers, Journalists, and Filmmakers. Taylor & Francis.
Liu, R., Peng, C., Zhang, Y., Husarek, H., & Yu, Q. (2021). A Survey of Immersive Technologies and Applications for Industrial Product Development. Computers and Graphics (Pergamon), 100, 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2021.07.023
Maity, M., Dass, M., & Kumar, P. (2018). The impact of media richness on consumer information search and choice. Journal of Business Research, 87, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.02.003
McQuail, D. (2011). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory. SAGE Publications.
Neuman, W. L. (William L. (2013). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pearson.
Oh, J., Sudarshan, S., Jin, E., Nah, S., & Yu, N. (2020). How 360-Degree Video Influences Content Perceptions and Environmental Behavior: The Moderating Effect of Environmental Self-Efficacy. Science Communication,.
Patrignani, N., & Whitehouse, D. (2015). Slow Tech: a Roadmap for a Good, Clean and Fair ICT. Journal of Information, 13(3/4), 268–282.
Patrignani, N., & Whitehouse, D. (2018). Slow Tech and ICT: A Responsible, Sustainable and Ethical Approach. Palgrave.
Pavlik, J. (2020). Journalism in the Age of Virtual Reality: How Experiential Media Are Transforming News. . Columbia University Press.
Peer, L., & Ksiazek, T. B. (2011). YouTube and The Challenge to Journalism: New Standards for News Videos Online. Journalism Studies, 12(1), 45–63.
Pérez-Seijo, S., & López-García, X. (2019). Five ethical challenges of immersive journalism: a proposal of good practices’ indicators. Dalam In International Conference on Information Technology & Systems (hlm. 954–964). Springer, Cham.
Popper, B. (2016, April 18). YouTube Introduces Live 360 Video, The Gateway Drug to Virtual Reality. The Verge.
Reese, S. D., & Shoemaker, P. J. (2016). A Media Sociology for the Networked Public Sphere: The Hierarchy of Influences Model. Mass Communication and Society, 19(4), 389–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2016.1174268
Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2014). Analyzing Media Message. Routledge.
Rodríguez, N. L. (2018). Immersive Journalism Design Within a Transmedia Space. Dalam Exploring Transmedia Journalism in the Digital Age (hlm. 67–82). IGI Global.
Suciati, T. N., & Fauziah, N. (2020). Layak Berita ke Layak Jual: Nilai Berita Jurnalisme Online Indonesia di Era Attention Economy. Jurnal Riset Komunikasi, 3(1), 51–69.
Tapsell, R. (2017). Media power in Indonesia: Oligarchs, citizens and the digital revolution . Rowman & Littlefield.
Uskali, T., Gynnild, A., Jones, S., & Sirkkunen, E. (2021). Immersive Journalism as Storytelling. Dalam Immersive Journalism as Storytelling. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429437748
van Damme, K., All, A., de Marez, L., & van Leuven, S. (2019). 360° Video Journalism: Experimental Study on the Effect of Immersion on News Experience and Distant Suffering. Journalism Studies, 20(14), 2053–2076. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1561208
Vazquez, D., Dennis, C., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Understanding the effect of smart retail brand – Consumer communications via mobile instant messaging (MIM) – An empirical study in the Chinese context. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.018
Ventura, S., Cardenas, G., Miragall, M., Riva, G., & Baños, R. (2021). How Does It Feel to Be a Woman Victim of Sexual Harassment? The Effect of 360°-Video-Based Virtual Reality on Empathy and Related Variables. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(4), 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0209
Vettehen, P. H., Wiltink, D., Huiskamp, M., Schaap, G., & Ketelaar, P. (2019). Taking The Full View: How Viewers Respond to 360-degree Video News. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 24–32.
Wang, Q. (2020). Differentiation and De-differentiation: The Evolving Power Dynamics Between News Industry and Tech Industry. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(2), 509–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020916809
Weber, R. (1990). Basic Content Analysis. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983488
Westlund, O., Krumsvik, A. H., & Lewis, S. C. (2021). Competition, Change, and Coordination and Collaboration: Tracing News Executives’ Perceptions About Participation in Media Innovation. Journalism Studies, 22(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1835526
Wu, H., Cai, T., Luo, D., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2021). Immersive virtual reality news: A study of user experience and media effects. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102576
Yesicha, C., Faruk, F., & Wahyono, S. B. (2022). Reality the Truth of Religious Practice in Documentary Covid-19. 377–387. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.01.02.32
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2023-02-16
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